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Veritas Journal

Veritas: Journal of Sociology and Social Reality Policies

Editorial and publication policies for Veritas: Journal of Sociology and Social Reality.

Publication Ethics

This Publication Ethics Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to maintain the integrity, credibility, transparency, accountability, and ethical quality of scholarly publishing across all journals under the publisher.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures uphold ethical standards for all parties involved in the publication process, including authors, editors, reviewers, editorial board members, and the publisher. This policy is intended to ensure that scholarly communication is conducted in an honest, fair, transparent, confidential, and academically responsible manner.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not tolerate plagiarism, data fabrication, data falsification, duplicate publication, inappropriate authorship, undisclosed conflicts of interest, manipulation of peer review, citation manipulation, unethical research practices, misuse of artificial intelligence tools, or any other form of publication misconduct.

Ethical Principles

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures apply the following ethical principles in the publication process:

  1. honesty in presenting research, data, findings, and scholarly arguments;
  2. transparency in authorship, funding, data availability, use of artificial intelligence tools, and conflicts of interest;
  3. fairness in editorial evaluation and peer review;
  4. accountability of authors, editors, reviewers, editorial board members, and the publisher;
  5. confidentiality of submitted manuscripts and unpublished editorial materials;
  6. respect for intellectual property, copyright, licensing, and proper attribution;
  7. respect for research participants, communities, institutions, and culturally sensitive information;
  8. protection of the integrity and continuity of the scholarly record;
  9. editorial independence from commercial, institutional, personal, political, or financial pressure;
  10. responsible correction, clarification, expression of concern, or retraction when necessary.

Editorial Independence

Editorial decisions are made based on the manuscript’s relevance to the aims and scope of the respective journal, originality, methodological quality, clarity of argument, ethical compliance, and contribution to the relevant field of study.

PT. Publion Research Ventures supports the journal platform, editorial workflow, publication infrastructure, metadata management, digital preservation, and long-term access to published content. However, the publisher does not interfere with editorial decisions.

Acceptance or rejection of a manuscript must not be influenced by publication fees, institutional affiliation, academic seniority, personal relationships, sponsorship, commercial interests, political pressure, or any external pressure.

Duties of Editors

Editors are responsible for ensuring that submitted manuscripts are handled fairly, confidentially, transparently, and in accordance with the journal’s editorial policies.

Editors should:

  1. evaluate manuscripts based on academic merit and relevance to the aims and scope of the respective journal;
  2. ensure that the peer review process is conducted properly, fairly, and confidentially;
  3. select reviewers with relevant expertise and no apparent conflict of interest;
  4. protect the confidentiality of authors, reviewers, manuscripts, reviewer reports, and editorial correspondence;
  5. make editorial decisions based on scholarly quality, ethical compliance, reviewer recommendations, and editorial judgment;
  6. respond appropriately to allegations of misconduct;
  7. issue corrections, clarifications, expressions of concern, or retractions when necessary;
  8. avoid using unpublished materials from submitted manuscripts without written permission from the authors;
  9. avoid coercive citation practices or any attempt to manipulate citation performance;
  10. maintain editorial independence from publisher, institutional, financial, personal, or political pressure.

Editors must not handle manuscripts in which they have a direct conflict of interest. In such cases, the manuscript should be assigned to another editor or editorial board member who can make an independent decision.

Duties of Reviewers

Peer review assists editors in making editorial decisions and helps authors improve the quality of their manuscripts. Reviewers are expected to provide objective, constructive, timely, respectful, and evidence-based evaluations.

Reviewers should:

  1. accept review invitations only when they have relevant expertise;
  2. decline the review if they cannot complete it within the required time;
  3. treat the manuscript as a confidential document;
  4. evaluate the manuscript objectively and avoid personal criticism of the author;
  5. provide clear comments supported by academic reasoning;
  6. identify relevant literature that has not been cited when appropriate;
  7. inform the editor of any substantial similarity or overlap with other published or submitted work;
  8. disclose any actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest before accepting the review;
  9. avoid using the review process for personal, institutional, academic, commercial, or political advantage.

Reviewers must not use unpublished data, arguments, findings, ideas, tables, figures, or other materials from the manuscript for their own research, publication, teaching, institutional, commercial, or personal purposes.

Reviewers must not upload confidential manuscripts, reviewer reports, unpublished data, or any part of the review materials to public artificial intelligence tools or third-party platforms that may compromise confidentiality, intellectual property rights, data protection, or research integrity.

Duties of Authors

Authors are responsible for ensuring that their manuscript is original, accurate, ethical, and not under consideration by another journal, publisher, or publication outlet.

Authors should:

  1. submit only original work that has not been published elsewhere;
  2. avoid plagiarism, self-plagiarism, data fabrication, data falsification, duplicate publication, and misleading citation practices;
  3. ensure that all sources are properly cited;
  4. ensure that all listed authors have made significant scholarly contributions;
  5. obtain consent from all co-authors before submission;
  6. disclose funding sources and potential conflicts of interest;
  7. disclose the use of artificial intelligence tools when applicable;
  8. obtain ethical approval, research permits, institutional approval, or informed consent when required;
  9. provide access to data when reasonably requested by the editor, subject to ethical, legal, and confidentiality considerations;
  10. inform the editor promptly if they discover a significant error or inaccuracy in their submitted or published article;
  11. cooperate with the journal in issuing corrections, clarifications, expressions of concern, or retractions when necessary.

By submitting a manuscript to journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures, authors confirm that they have read and agreed to the relevant Author Guidelines, Publication Ethics, Peer Review Policy, Plagiarism Policy, AI Policy, Copyright and Licensing Policy, Conflict of Interest Policy, Research Ethics and Consent Policy, Data Availability Policy, and other applicable journal policies.

Authorship and Contributorship

Authorship should be limited to individuals who have made substantial scholarly contributions to the conception, design, execution, data collection, analysis, interpretation, drafting, or critical revision of the manuscript.

All authors must approve the final version of the manuscript and agree to its submission. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all co-authors have reviewed, approved, and agreed to the submitted version.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not accept honorary authorship, guest authorship, gift authorship, ghost authorship, or the exclusion of individuals who made substantial contributions.

Contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be acknowledged in the acknowledgment section with their consent.

Originality, Plagiarism, and Redundant Publication

Authors must ensure that their work is original and that all sources are properly acknowledged. Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures may use plagiarism detection software to screen submitted manuscripts and final versions of accepted articles.

Manuscripts with substantial plagiarism, inappropriate text recycling, duplicate publication, redundant publication, fabricated data, falsified data, manipulated references, or misleading citation practices may be rejected.

Authors must not submit the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time. Concurrent submission is considered unethical and unacceptable.

If plagiarism, duplicate publication, or other forms of misconduct are discovered after publication, the journal may issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction in accordance with the applicable Correction and Retraction Policy.

Research Ethics and Consent

Research involving human participants, public officials, local communities, vulnerable groups, institutional data, confidential records, indigenous knowledge, culturally sensitive information, or sensitive policy issues must comply with applicable ethical standards.

Authors are responsible for obtaining ethical approval, research permits, institutional approval, or informed consent when required.

The journal may request evidence of ethical approval, informed consent, research permission, or institutional approval during the editorial process.

Research involving local communities, indigenous knowledge, culturally sensitive information, or vulnerable groups must respect the dignity, rights, consent, confidentiality, and protection of the communities or individuals involved.

Data Integrity and Data Availability

Authors must present data accurately and avoid fabrication, falsification, selective reporting, manipulation of findings, or misleading presentation of results.

When appropriate, authors are encouraged to provide a data availability statement explaining whether the data supporting the article are publicly available, available upon reasonable request, restricted due to confidentiality, or unavailable due to ethical or legal limitations.

For research involving confidential institutional data, government data, interviews, administrative records, personal data, or sensitive information, authors must ensure that data sharing does not violate privacy, confidentiality, legal obligations, institutional restrictions, or research ethics.

Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools

Artificial intelligence tools may be used to support language editing, grammar checking, translation assistance, reference management, formatting, or readability improvement.

AI tools must not be listed as authors or co-authors because they cannot take responsibility for the integrity, originality, accuracy, accountability, and ethical responsibility of scholarly work.

Authors remain fully responsible for all content in their manuscripts, including any part assisted by AI tools. Any use of AI that affects the substance of the manuscript, including text generation, literature summarization, data analysis, coding support, interpretation, argument development, visual material generation, or conclusion drafting, must be disclosed in the manuscript.

Editors and reviewers must not upload confidential manuscripts, reviewer reports, unpublished data, author responses, editorial correspondence, or any unpublished materials to public AI tools or third-party platforms that may compromise confidentiality, data protection, intellectual property rights, or research integrity.

Misuse of AI tools, including fabrication of data, false references, fake reviewer identities, fabricated review reports, plagiarism concealment, or manipulation of the editorial process, may result in rejection, correction, expression of concern, retraction, or other editorial actions.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors, editors, reviewers, editorial board members, and the publisher must disclose any actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that may influence the objectivity, fairness, or integrity of the publication process.

Conflicts of interest may include financial relationships, institutional affiliations, personal relationships, academic competition, political interests, consultancy roles, funding relationships, supervisory relationships, previous collaboration, or other relevant interests.

If a conflict of interest is identified, the journal will take appropriate steps to protect the integrity and fairness of the editorial process. Editors and reviewers must not handle manuscripts in which they have a direct conflict of interest.

Copyright, Licensing, and Intellectual Property

Authors retain copyright over their published articles.

Unless otherwise stated on the article page, articles published in journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Authors grant the respective journal the right of first publication and authorize PT. Publion Research Ventures to publish, distribute, archive, preserve, index, and make the article available online under the applicable open license.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that third-party materials included in their manuscript, such as images, tables, figures, maps, photographs, instruments, datasets, screenshots, or long quoted materials, do not violate copyright or licensing requirements.

Corrections, Retractions, and Post-Publication Issues

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures are committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. If significant errors or ethical concerns are identified after publication, the journal may issue a correction, clarification, expression of concern, or retraction depending on the nature and severity of the issue.

Retraction may be considered in cases involving plagiarism, data fabrication, data falsification, unethical research, duplicate publication, serious methodological error, manipulated peer review, AI-related misconduct, or other forms of publication misconduct.

Retraction notices will be made transparent and linked to the original article whenever possible.

Complaints and Appeals

Authors, reviewers, readers, editors, institutions, or other parties may submit complaints or appeals regarding editorial decisions, review processes, publication ethics, conflicts of interest, or suspected misconduct.

Complaints and appeals should be submitted in writing to the editorial office of the respective journal with relevant evidence.

The journal reviews complaints fairly, confidentially, transparently, and in accordance with the applicable editorial policies. Appeals against editorial decisions may be considered when authors provide clear evidence of procedural error, reviewer misunderstanding, conflict of interest, or substantial factual inaccuracies in the review process.

Archiving and Preservation

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures support the long-term accessibility, preservation, and integrity of published scholarly content.

Published journal content may be maintained through the journal platform, publisher-managed backups, article landing pages, metadata records, full-text files, and LOCKSS-compatible archiving mechanisms.

Archiving and preservation do not transfer copyright from authors to the journal or publisher. They are conducted to protect long-term access, preserve the scholarly record, and ensure the continuity of published content.

Publisher’s Responsibilities

PT. Publion Research Ventures is responsible for supporting the journal platform, editorial workflow, publication infrastructure, metadata management, digital preservation, long-term access to published content, and mechanisms to address ethical concerns.

The publisher supports editors in handling publication misconduct, corrections, retractions, complaints, appeals, and post-publication issues. The publisher does not allow commercial considerations, publication fees, sponsorship, institutional pressure, or personal interests to compromise academic integrity or editorial independence.

Relationship with Other Policies

This Publication Ethics Policy should be read together with the Author Guidelines, Peer Review Policy, Plagiarism Policy, AI Policy, Copyright and Licensing Policy, Open Access Policy, Conflict of Interest Policy, Data Availability Policy, Research Ethics and Consent Policy, Correction and Retraction Policy, Complaints and Appeals Policy, and Archiving Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Peer Review Policy

This Peer Review Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to ensure that all submitted manuscripts are reviewed through a rigorous, transparent, fair, confidential, and academically responsible editorial process.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures apply peer review to maintain the quality, originality, relevance, methodological soundness, and ethical integrity of scholarly publications. The peer review process is designed to support editorial decision-making, improve the quality of scholarly manuscripts, and protect the credibility of the academic record.

Editorial decisions are based on academic merit, relevance to the aims and scope of the respective journal, methodological soundness, originality, clarity of argument, ethical compliance, and contribution to the relevant field of study. Publication fees, institutional affiliation, personal relationships, sponsorship, political interests, or commercial considerations do not influence the acceptance or rejection of manuscripts.

Peer Review Model

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures apply a double-blind peer review process. This means that the identities of both authors and reviewers are concealed from each other throughout the review process.

Authors are required to prepare an anonymized manuscript by removing names, affiliations, acknowledgments, funding details, self-identifying references, institutional information, and any other information that may reveal their identity.

Reviewers are also required to maintain confidentiality and avoid any action that may reveal their identity to authors. The double-blind review model is used to reduce potential bias related to institutional affiliation, academic seniority, gender, nationality, personal relationships, academic competition, or other non-academic considerations.

Initial Editorial Screening

All submitted manuscripts undergo initial editorial screening before being sent to reviewers. At this stage, the editorial team evaluates whether the manuscript:

  1. fits the aims and scope of the respective journal;
  2. follows the author guidelines and manuscript template;
  3. demonstrates sufficient academic quality for peer review;
  4. presents a clear research problem, objective, method, findings, and contribution;
  5. complies with publication ethics and research integrity standards;
  6. meets originality and plagiarism requirements;
  7. provides complete author information and manuscript metadata;
  8. uses appropriate, relevant, and properly cited references;
  9. is written in a clear, structured, and academically accountable manner;
  10. follows the anonymization requirements for double-blind peer review.

Manuscripts may be returned to authors for technical revision before peer review if they do not follow the journal’s formatting, metadata, anonymization, file, or submission requirements.

Manuscripts may be rejected without external review if they are outside the journal’s scope, lack sufficient scholarly quality, contain serious ethical concerns, show evidence of plagiarism or duplicate submission, or do not meet the basic standards of academic writing and research.

Reviewer Assignment

Manuscripts that pass initial editorial screening are assigned to at least two independent reviewers with relevant expertise in the manuscript’s field, method, or topic.

Reviewers are selected based on academic competence, subject expertise, methodological knowledge, publication record, and absence of apparent conflicts of interest.

Authors are not allowed to select, assign, influence, or contact reviewers directly. The editorial team is responsible for reviewer selection to preserve the independence, confidentiality, and integrity of the peer review process.

Review Criteria

Reviewers evaluate manuscripts based on the following criteria:

  1. relevance of the manuscript to the journal’s aims and scope;
  2. clarity and accuracy of the title, abstract, and keywords;
  3. significance and originality of the research problem;
  4. adequacy of the theoretical or conceptual framework;
  5. appropriateness and transparency of the research method;
  6. quality, validity, and clarity of findings;
  7. depth of analysis and discussion;
  8. connection between findings, theory, previous studies, and broader scholarly debate;
  9. contribution to the development of knowledge, practice, or policy in the relevant field;
  10. novelty and potential scientific impact of the manuscript;
  11. quality, relevance, and currency of references;
  12. coherence between title, abstract, introduction, method, findings, discussion, and conclusion;
  13. compliance with research ethics, plagiarism policy, data integrity, conflict of interest disclosure, AI policy, and publication ethics.

Reviewers are expected to provide objective, constructive, respectful, and evidence-based comments. Personal criticism of authors is not acceptable. Reviewers should support their comments with clear reasoning and, where relevant, suggest areas for improvement.

Confidentiality

All manuscripts under review are confidential documents. Editors, reviewers, editorial board members, and editorial staff must not disclose, share, copy, cite, distribute, or use any part of the submitted manuscript for personal, academic, institutional, or commercial purposes before publication.

Reviewers must not contact authors directly regarding the manuscript. All communication between reviewers and authors must be managed through the journal’s editorial system or official editorial office.

Reviewers and editors must not upload confidential manuscripts, unpublished materials, reviewer reports, author responses, editorial correspondence, or any part of the review materials to public artificial intelligence tools or third-party platforms that may compromise confidentiality, intellectual property rights, data protection, or research integrity.

Conflict of Interest in Review

Editors and reviewers must disclose any actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest that may affect the objectivity of the review process.

Conflicts of interest may include financial relationships, institutional affiliation, recent collaboration, personal relationships, academic competition, political interests, funding relationships, consultancy roles, supervisory relationships, or any other condition that may influence judgment.

Reviewers must decline review invitations when they have a conflict of interest or when they feel unable to provide an objective and competent evaluation.

Editors must not handle manuscripts in which they have a direct conflict of interest. In such cases, the manuscript should be assigned to another editor or editorial board member who can manage the review process independently.

Review Timeline

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures conduct the peer review process in a timely manner while maintaining academic rigor. Reviewers are expected to submit review reports within the timeframe determined by the editorial office of the respective journal.

If a reviewer is unable to complete the review within the required period or feels unqualified to assess the manuscript, the reviewer should notify the editor and withdraw from the review process.

Authors are notified of editorial decisions through the journal’s submission system or official editorial communication channel.

Editorial Decisions

After receiving reviewer reports, the editor makes one of the following decisions:

  1. Accept Submission;
  2. Revisions Required;
  3. Resubmit for Review;
  4. Decline Submission.

The final decision rests with the editor or editor-in-chief of the respective journal. Reviewer recommendations are important considerations, but they do not automatically determine the final editorial decision.

The editor considers reviewer comments, manuscript quality, ethical compliance, originality, relevance to the journal, contribution to the field, and the author’s response to revision requests.

Publication fees, institutional affiliation, personal relationships, sponsorship, political interests, or commercial considerations do not influence the acceptance or rejection of manuscripts.

Revision Process

Authors who receive a revision decision must submit a revised manuscript along with a response letter explaining how each reviewer and editor comment has been addressed.

The response letter should address each comment clearly and systematically. Authors should indicate where changes have been made in the revised manuscript.

The editor may evaluate the revised manuscript internally or return it to the original reviewers depending on the extent and substance of the revisions.

Failure to submit revisions within the specified timeframe without prior communication may result in withdrawal of the manuscript from the editorial process.

Special Manuscript Types

Research articles, review articles, systematic literature reviews, conceptual papers, theoretical articles, policy analysis manuscripts, methodological papers, and case study articles are normally reviewed by at least two independent reviewers.

Editorial notes, book reviews, commentaries, invited articles, or other non-research manuscripts may undergo editorial review or a modified peer review process depending on the nature of the manuscript and the policy of the respective journal.

However, all published content must comply with the publication ethics, plagiarism policy, copyright and licensing policy, AI policy, and editorial standards of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Integrity of the Peer Review Process

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not tolerate manipulation of the peer review process, including fake reviewer identities, fabricated reviewer reports, inappropriate reviewer suggestions, coercive citation practices, undisclosed conflicts of interest, unauthorized communication with reviewers, or attempts to influence editorial decisions through personal, institutional, financial, political, or commercial pressure.

The use of artificial intelligence tools to fabricate reviewer reports, generate fake peer review identities, manipulate review comments, or compromise manuscript confidentiality is strictly prohibited.

Any suspected manipulation of the peer review process may result in rejection, withdrawal, correction, expression of concern, retraction, notification to relevant institutions, or other editorial actions in accordance with the applicable publication ethics policies.

Editorial Independence

PT. Publion Research Ventures supports the editorial process but does not interfere with editorial decisions. Editorial independence is maintained to protect the credibility, fairness, and integrity of the scholarly publication process.

Editors are responsible for making decisions based on academic quality, ethical compliance, reviewer recommendations, and relevance to the aims and scope of the respective journal. The publisher provides administrative, technical, and publication support without compromising the independence of the editorial team.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy

This Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to regulate the responsible, transparent, ethical, and accountable use of artificial intelligence tools and AI-assisted technologies in scholarly writing, research, peer review, editorial work, and publication workflows.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures recognize that artificial intelligence tools and automated technologies may be used in scholarly writing, editing, translation, research assistance, data processing, metadata preparation, and publication workflows. The use of AI tools is allowed only when it does not compromise originality, accountability, confidentiality, research integrity, intellectual property rights, data protection, or publication ethics.

Authors, reviewers, editors, editorial board members, and editorial staff are responsible for ensuring that any use of AI tools complies with the policies and ethical standards of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

General Principles

The use of AI tools must follow these principles:

  1. transparency;
  2. human accountability;
  3. research integrity;
  4. confidentiality;
  5. accuracy and verification;
  6. respect for intellectual property;
  7. protection of unpublished manuscripts and research data;
  8. protection of personal, institutional, confidential, or sensitive information;
  9. compliance with publication ethics;
  10. prevention of plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, and manipulation of scholarly content.

AI tools may support scholarly work, but they cannot replace the responsibility, judgment, expertise, accountability, or ethical obligations of authors, reviewers, editors, or the publisher.

AI Use by Authors

Authors may use AI tools for limited support such as:

  1. grammar checking;
  2. spelling correction;
  3. language editing;
  4. translation assistance;
  5. formatting support;
  6. reference management support;
  7. readability improvement;
  8. preliminary organization of non-substantive writing elements.

Authors remain fully responsible for the content of their manuscripts, including any part assisted by AI tools.

Authors must carefully check, verify, and validate any output generated by AI tools. AI-generated content may contain factual errors, fabricated references, biased statements, misleading interpretations, inaccurate analysis, false quotations, or unsupported claims.

AI tools must not be used to replace the author’s intellectual contribution, research design, ethical judgment, data interpretation, scholarly argument, or responsibility for the final manuscript.

Disclosure of AI Use

Authors must disclose substantial use of AI tools when such tools affect the content, analysis, interpretation, argument development, data processing, image generation, literature synthesis, translation of substantial sections, or writing of the manuscript.

Routine language correction, grammar checking, spelling correction, formatting assistance, or minor readability improvement does not need to be disclosed unless it substantially changes the intellectual content of the manuscript.

When disclosure is required, authors should explain:

  1. the name of the AI tool used;
  2. the version of the AI tool, when available;
  3. the purpose of use;
  4. the part of the manuscript affected;
  5. how the output was checked and verified;
  6. whether AI use affected data analysis, interpretation, writing, visual materials, or scholarly conclusions.

Authors may use the following disclosure statement when applicable:

The author(s) used [name of AI tool, version if available] to assist with [specific purpose]. The author(s) reviewed, verified, and take full responsibility for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and final content of the manuscript.

If no AI tools were used, authors may include the following statement:

The author(s) declare that no generative AI or AI-assisted technology was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

AI Tools Cannot Be Authors

AI tools, chatbots, large language models, automated writing systems, image generators, code generators, or other non-human tools cannot be listed as authors or co-authors.

Authorship requires accountability, responsibility, ethical judgment, intellectual contribution, approval of the final manuscript, and the ability to respond to questions about the integrity of the work. AI tools cannot fulfill these responsibilities.

All responsibility for AI-assisted content remains with the human author(s).

AI-Generated Sources and Citations

Generative AI tools must not be cited as scholarly sources unless the manuscript specifically discusses the AI tool as an object of study.

Authors must not use AI tools to fabricate references, generate false citations, invent data, create misleading quotations, misrepresent scholarly sources, or produce unsupported claims.

All references must be verified by the authors using reliable, accessible, and traceable sources. Authors are responsible for ensuring that every cited source exists, is relevant, and is accurately represented in the manuscript.

AI Use in Data Analysis

If AI tools are used for data analysis, coding, classification, image processing, text mining, statistical assistance, transcription support, translation of research data, or interpretation, authors must explain the role of the tool in the method section or in a relevant disclosure statement.

Authors must ensure that the use of AI tools does not violate research ethics, data protection, confidentiality agreements, informed consent, institutional rules, copyright, intellectual property rights, or legal obligations.

AI-assisted analysis must be transparent, verifiable, and methodologically accountable. Authors remain responsible for the accuracy of the analysis, the validity of findings, and the integrity of interpretation.

AI-Generated Images, Figures, Tables, and Visual Materials

Authors must disclose the use of AI tools to generate or substantially modify images, figures, tables, diagrams, illustrations, charts, or other visual materials included in the manuscript.

AI-generated or AI-modified visual materials must not misrepresent data, fabricate evidence, manipulate findings, or create misleading representations of research results.

If visual materials involve third-party content, copyrighted material, personal data, identifiable individuals, institutional information, or culturally sensitive content, authors must ensure that their use complies with copyright, licensing, consent, privacy, and ethical requirements.

AI Use by Reviewers

Reviewers must treat submitted manuscripts as confidential documents. Reviewers must not upload unpublished manuscripts, figures, tables, data, supplementary files, author responses, or reviewer reports to public AI tools or third-party platforms that may compromise confidentiality, intellectual property rights, data protection, or research integrity.

Reviewers must not use generative AI tools to produce peer review reports in a way that replaces their own critical judgment, expertise, and accountability.

If a reviewer uses AI-assisted tools for language editing or readability improvement of review comments, the reviewer remains fully responsible for the accuracy, fairness, confidentiality, and academic quality of the review.

Reviewers must not use AI tools to disclose, summarize, reproduce, or analyze confidential manuscript content on platforms that store, reuse, train on, or expose submitted materials to third parties.

AI Use by Editors and Editorial Staff

Editors and editorial staff must protect the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts, author data, reviewer data, editorial correspondence, reviewer reports, and unpublished materials.

Editors and editorial staff must not upload unpublished manuscripts, reviewer reports, author responses, editorial correspondence, confidential data, or unpublished materials to public AI tools or third-party platforms that may compromise confidentiality, data protection, intellectual property rights, or research integrity.

Editors must not rely solely on automated tools to make editorial decisions. Any use of automated tools for plagiarism checking, similarity screening, integrity checks, reviewer suggestions, metadata support, language checks, or technical screening must be overseen by responsible human editors.

Final editorial decisions must be made by responsible editors based on academic quality, peer review, ethical compliance, originality, relevance to the journal’s aims and scope, and applicable journal policies.

AI and Peer Review Integrity

AI tools must not be used to manipulate the peer review process. Prohibited practices include:

  1. creating fake reviewer identities;
  2. generating fabricated reviewer reports;
  3. manipulating review comments;
  4. concealing conflicts of interest;
  5. producing misleading reviewer recommendations;
  6. submitting AI-generated review reports without meaningful human evaluation;
  7. using AI tools to compromise the confidentiality of manuscripts under review.

Any suspected AI-related manipulation of peer review may be handled as publication misconduct.

AI and Plagiarism

AI tools must not be used to generate, disguise, translate, paraphrase, restructure, or conceal plagiarized content.

Authors remain responsible for ensuring that AI-assisted content is original, accurate, properly cited, and compliant with the Plagiarism Policy and Publication Ethics of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

The use of AI tools to fabricate references, create false citations, manipulate text similarity, disguise copied content, or reproduce another person’s ideas without acknowledgment may be treated as academic misconduct.

AI and Publication Misconduct

Failure to disclose substantial AI use, use of AI to fabricate content, generation of false references, manipulation of data, undeclared AI-generated images, use of AI to conceal plagiarism, or use of AI in ways that violate confidentiality may be treated as publication misconduct.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures may request clarification from authors regarding AI use. If misuse of AI tools is identified, the manuscript may be returned, rejected, corrected, subject to an expression of concern, or retracted depending on the severity of the case.

The journal may also take appropriate editorial actions in accordance with the Publication Ethics, Plagiarism Policy, Correction and Retraction Policy, and Complaints and Appeals Policy.

Human Responsibility

Authors, reviewers, editors, editorial board members, and editorial staff remain responsible for their work, decisions, and ethical obligations.

AI tools may assist scholarly communication, but human judgment, academic expertise, ethical responsibility, accountability, and research integrity remain central to the publication process.

No AI-assisted process may replace human responsibility for the accuracy, originality, confidentiality, ethical compliance, and scholarly quality of published content.

Relationship with Other Policies

This AI Policy should be read together with the Publication Ethics, Peer Review Policy, Plagiarism Policy, Author Guidelines, Manuscript Submission Policy, Copyright and Licensing Policy, Data Availability Policy, Research Ethics and Consent Policy, Correction and Retraction Policy, and Complaints and Appeals Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Open Access Policy

This Open Access Policy applies to all journals published and managed by Publion. The policy is established to support free access to scholarly knowledge, wider dissemination of research, academic exchange, public use of knowledge, and long-term accessibility of published scholarly content.

Journals under Publion provide immediate and free access to published content to ensure that readers, researchers, authors, institutions, practitioners, policymakers, and the wider public can access scholarly works without financial, legal, or technical barriers.

Open Access Statement

All articles published in journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures are freely available online immediately upon publication.

Readers are allowed to access, read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, link to the full text, crawl articles for indexing, pass article metadata to software, and use the content for lawful scholarly, educational, research, policy, and public purposes, provided that proper attribution is given to the original author(s), article title, journal name, volume, issue, year, DOI when available, article landing page, and publisher.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not apply an embargo period to published articles. The full text of published articles is available without subscription fees, access charges, or mandatory reader registration.

Free Access to Published Content

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures provide free access to:

  1. article metadata;
  2. abstracts;
  3. keywords;
  4. author information;
  5. article landing pages;
  6. full-text articles;
  7. PDF files, when available;
  8. citation information;
  9. license information;
  10. references.

Open access is provided to support discoverability, citation, academic exchange, public knowledge, indexing, preservation, and long-term use of published scholarly content.

Reuse Rights

Users may reuse published articles according to the applicable open license stated on the article page and in the article file.

Unless otherwise stated on the article page, articles published in journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).

This license permits users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, link to, share, adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the published work in any medium or format, including for commercial purposes, provided that:

  1. proper attribution is given to the original author(s) and source;
  2. a link to the license is provided where possible;
  3. any changes made to the work are indicated;
  4. any adapted or derivative work is distributed under the same license, namely CC BY-SA 4.0, or a license compatible with CC BY-SA 4.0.

Users must not misrepresent authorship, alter the meaning of the work in a misleading way, remove citation information, remove license information, or use the journal’s name, publisher’s name, logo, article metadata, or published content for fraudulent, misleading, or unethical purposes.

License

Articles published in journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures are published under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the article page.

The license allows users to understand how published content may be accessed, shared, reused, adapted, distributed, and cited. License information is displayed on the journal website, article landing pages, and article files whenever possible.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not add restrictions that conflict with the terms of the applicable Creative Commons license.

Copyright

Authors retain copyright over their published articles.

By submitting and publishing their manuscripts in journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures, authors grant the respective journal the right of first publication and authorize PT. Publion Research Ventures to publish, distribute, archive, preserve, index, and make the article available online under the applicable open license.

Open access publication does not remove the authors’ moral rights, attribution rights, or responsibility for the integrity, accuracy, and originality of their work.

Self-Archiving

Authors are allowed and encouraged to share, deposit, and distribute the published version of their article in institutional repositories, personal academic websites, research profiles, scholarly networks, or other appropriate platforms.

Self-archived articles should include the complete citation, journal name, volume, issue, year of publication, DOI when available, license information, and a link to the official article landing page.

Open Access and Indexing

Open access supports the visibility, discoverability, indexing, and citation of published articles. Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures maintain article metadata, full-text access, license information, citation information, and stable article landing pages to support indexing and long-term scholarly communication.

Article metadata may be used by indexing services, repositories, discovery platforms, libraries, and other scholarly systems to improve discoverability and citation of published works.

Open Access and Archiving

Open access supports long-term access and preservation of scholarly content. Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures maintain published content through the journal platform, publisher-managed backups, article landing pages, metadata records, full-text files, and LOCKSS-compatible archiving mechanisms.

Archiving and preservation do not transfer copyright from authors to the journal or publisher. They are conducted to protect long-term access, preserve the scholarly record, and ensure the continuity of published content.

No Embargo

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures provide immediate open access to published articles. There is no embargo period for accessing full-text articles published in the journals.

No Subscription Requirement

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not require readers to pay subscription fees to access published articles. Readers do not need institutional subscriptions to read, download, cite, or share published content.

No Mandatory Reader Registration

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not require readers to register or log in to access the full text of published articles.

Registration may be required only for authors, reviewers, editors, or editorial staff who use the submission and editorial management system.

Relationship with Other Policies

This Open Access Policy should be read together with the Copyright and Licensing Policy, Author Guidelines, Publication Ethics, Archiving Policy, and Manuscript Submission Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Open access explains how readers can freely access published content, while copyright and licensing explain the rights and conditions for reuse, adaptation, redistribution, attribution, and citation.

Plagiarism Policy

This Plagiarism Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to maintain originality, integrity, credibility, and accountability in scholarly publishing.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures consider plagiarism in any form to be unethical publishing behavior and unacceptable. All manuscripts submitted to journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures must be original, properly cited, and free from plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, data falsification, inappropriate text recycling, and other forms of academic misconduct.

Plagiarism is defined as the use of another person’s words, ideas, arguments, data, images, tables, figures, research findings, or intellectual contributions without proper acknowledgment, citation, quotation, permission, or attribution.

Plagiarism may include direct copying, close paraphrasing without proper citation, mosaic plagiarism, inappropriate text recycling, self-plagiarism, duplicate publication, translation plagiarism, and the reproduction of original ideas, data, findings, tables, figures, or arguments from another source without proper acknowledgment.

Similarity Checking

All submitted manuscripts may be screened using plagiarism detection software or other similarity checking tools as part of the editorial screening process.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures apply a maximum similarity threshold of 20% for submitted manuscripts. Manuscripts with a similarity index above this threshold may be returned to authors for correction, clarification, rewriting, or resubmission before further editorial consideration.

However, similarity percentage is not the only basis for determining plagiarism. The editorial team evaluates the context and substance of similarity, including:

  1. the source of similarity;
  2. the concentration of similarity from one or several sources;
  3. the location of similarity in the manuscript;
  4. whether the similar text appears in the method, theory, findings, discussion, or conclusion;
  5. whether the source has been properly cited;
  6. whether the similarity involves original ideas, data, findings, tables, figures, or standard academic expressions;
  7. whether there is evidence of intentional academic misconduct.

A manuscript with a similarity index below 20% may still be rejected if it contains serious plagiarism, copied findings, unacknowledged ideas, data manipulation, translation plagiarism, fabricated citations, or substantial overlap with previously published work.

Limited similarity in references, institutional names, legal terms, methodology descriptions, official document titles, standard academic expressions, or commonly used technical terms may be considered acceptable when properly cited and not misleading.

Minor Plagiarism

Minor plagiarism refers to a limited section of text that is copied, closely paraphrased, translated, or insufficiently cited without taking substantial data, findings, arguments, or original ideas from another work.

Examples include:

  1. several sentences copied without quotation marks;
  2. close paraphrasing with incomplete citation;
  3. insufficient attribution in the literature review;
  4. limited translation of another source without proper acknowledgment;
  5. technical similarity in non-substantive parts of the manuscript.

Editorial action:

The manuscript may be returned to the author for correction. The author will be required to revise the text, provide proper citation, use quotation marks where necessary, improve paraphrasing, acknowledge translated or reused material, and resubmit the manuscript.

The manuscript will not proceed to peer review until the issue is resolved.

Intermediate Plagiarism

Intermediate plagiarism refers to a significant portion of the manuscript being copied, paraphrased, translated, or reused without proper acknowledgment, but without fully reproducing the central findings, original data, or core results of another publication.

Examples include:

  1. substantial copying from one or more sources without proper citation;
  2. repeated paraphrasing of another author’s argument without acknowledgment;
  3. inappropriate self-plagiarism or text recycling from the author’s previous work without transparency;
  4. duplicate use of substantial parts of a previously published article;
  5. significant overlap in the introduction, literature review, method, results, or discussion;
  6. translation of substantial sections of another work without proper attribution.

Editorial action:

The submitted manuscript will be rejected.

Depending on the severity of the case, the authors may be restricted from submitting new manuscripts to journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures for a determined period. The editorial team may also notify the authors’ institution, research funder, or affiliated parties if necessary and supported by sufficient evidence.

Severe Plagiarism

Severe plagiarism refers to the substantial reproduction of another work, including original ideas, data, findings, analysis, tables, figures, results, or conclusions, without proper acknowledgment. It also includes plagiarism that indicates deliberate academic misconduct.

Examples include:

  1. copying substantial parts of another article;
  2. reproducing original data, findings, analysis, tables, figures, or conclusions from another publication;
  3. submitting a manuscript that is substantially identical to a published or submitted work;
  4. translating another article and presenting it as original work;
  5. using another researcher’s unpublished manuscript, data, or ideas without permission;
  6. fabricating citations to conceal plagiarism;
  7. using artificial intelligence tools to conceal plagiarism, fabricate citations, or disguise copied content.

Editorial action:

The manuscript will be rejected immediately.

If the article has already been published, the journal may issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction in accordance with the Correction and Retraction Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures. The journal may also notify the authors’ institution, research funder, or other relevant parties when necessary.

Self-Plagiarism and Text Recycling

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures recognize that authors may build upon their previous research. However, authors must be transparent when reusing parts of their own previously published work.

Reuse of text, data, figures, tables, arguments, instruments, or analytical frameworks from the author’s previous publication must be properly cited and must not mislead readers regarding the originality of the manuscript.

Text recycling may be considered acceptable only when it is limited, properly acknowledged, does not involve duplicate publication, does not misrepresent the novelty of the manuscript, and does not affect the originality of the current work.

Reuse of substantial parts of previous work without disclosure may be treated as self-plagiarism.

Translation Plagiarism

Translation plagiarism occurs when authors translate text, arguments, findings, or substantial parts of a work from another language and present them as original without proper acknowledgment.

Translated material from another source must be properly cited. If the translation involves substantial text, ideas, or arguments from another work, authors must clearly acknowledge the original source and ensure that the use complies with copyright and licensing requirements.

Translation does not remove the obligation to cite the original source.

Duplicate and Concurrent Submission

Authors must not submit the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time. Authors must also not submit a manuscript that has been published elsewhere in the same or substantially similar form.

If duplicate or concurrent submission is identified, the manuscript will be rejected.

If duplicate publication is discovered after publication, the journal may issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction in accordance with the applicable Correction and Retraction Policy.

Use of Artificial Intelligence and Plagiarism

Artificial intelligence tools must not be used to generate, disguise, translate, paraphrase, or restructure plagiarized content in a way that conceals the original source.

Authors remain fully responsible for ensuring that any AI-assisted content is original, accurate, properly cited, and compliant with the AI Policy and Publication Ethics of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

The use of AI tools to fabricate references, create false citations, manipulate text similarity, disguise copied content, or reproduce another person’s ideas without acknowledgment may be treated as academic misconduct.

Responsibility of Authors

All authors are responsible for the originality, integrity, and ethical compliance of the submitted manuscript.

By submitting a manuscript to journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures, authors confirm that:

  1. the manuscript is original;
  2. the manuscript has not been published elsewhere;
  3. the manuscript is not under consideration by another journal, publisher, or publication outlet;
  4. all sources have been properly cited;
  5. all reused text, data, tables, figures, instruments, or ideas have been acknowledged;
  6. all translated or adapted material has been properly attributed;
  7. all authors have read and approved the manuscript before submission;
  8. all authors understand and agree with the plagiarism policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures;
  9. any use of artificial intelligence tools has been disclosed when applicable.

If a plagiarism penalty is imposed, all authors listed in the manuscript may be subject to the same editorial sanction, unless there is clear evidence that responsibility can be attributed differently.

Post-Publication Plagiarism

If plagiarism is detected after publication, the journal will investigate the case in accordance with publication ethics standards and the applicable editorial policies.

Depending on the severity of the case, the journal may issue a correction, clarification, expression of concern, or retraction. Retraction may be issued when plagiarism affects the originality, reliability, validity, ownership, or ethical status of the published article.

The journal is committed to protecting the integrity of the scholarly record and ensuring that published content remains academically reliable and ethically accountable.

Relationship with Other Policies

This Plagiarism Policy should be read together with the Publication Ethics, Peer Review Policy, AI Policy, Copyright and Licensing Policy, Correction and Retraction Policy, Complaints and Appeals Policy, and Author Guidelines of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Conflict of Interest Policy

This Conflict of Interest Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to protect the objectivity, fairness, transparency, accountability, and integrity of the scholarly publication process.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures require authors, reviewers, editors, editorial board members, editorial staff, and the publisher to disclose any actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that may influence the submission, review, editing, publication, dissemination, correction, or retraction of scholarly work.

A conflict of interest exists when personal, financial, institutional, academic, political, professional, ideological, or other relationships may affect, or may reasonably be perceived to affect, judgment and decision-making in the publication process.

Disclosure of a conflict of interest does not automatically prevent submission, review, publication, or editorial involvement. However, undisclosed conflicts of interest may compromise trust in the editorial process and may be treated as an ethical concern.

Types of Conflict of Interest

Conflicts of interest may include, but are not limited to:

  1. financial relationships;
  2. employment relationships;
  3. institutional affiliations;
  4. consultancy roles;
  5. funding relationships;
  6. personal relationships;
  7. family relationships;
  8. academic competition;
  9. political interests;
  10. religious or ideological interests;
  11. previous collaboration;
  12. supervisory relationships;
  13. membership in the same research group or project;
  14. commercial interests;
  15. intellectual property interests;
  16. ownership of shares, patents, products, or services related to the manuscript;
  17. organizational or advocacy involvement related to the research topic;
  18. any relationship that may influence or appear to influence judgment.

Conflicts of interest may involve authors, reviewers, editors, editorial board members, institutions, funders, sponsors, organizations, companies, government agencies, community groups, or other parties connected to the manuscript.

Author Responsibilities

Authors must disclose any actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest that may influence the research, analysis, interpretation, writing, submission, or publication of the manuscript.

Authors should disclose conflicts related to:

  1. research funding;
  2. institutional support;
  3. employment;
  4. consultancy;
  5. honoraria;
  6. paid expert testimony;
  7. patents or intellectual property;
  8. personal relationships;
  9. family relationships;
  10. political or organizational involvement;
  11. advocacy roles related to the research topic;
  12. relationships with editors, reviewers, institutions, funders, sponsors, or organizations related to the manuscript.

Authors must ensure that conflict of interest information is accurate, complete, and disclosed at the time of submission. If a new conflict of interest becomes known during the editorial process, authors must inform the editorial office promptly.

If there is no conflict of interest, authors should include a statement confirming that no conflict of interest exists.

Funding Disclosure

Authors must disclose all sources of funding that supported the research, writing, editing, translation, data collection, data analysis, article processing, or publication of the manuscript.

Funding disclosure should include the name of the funder, grant number when available, and the role of the funder in the research and publication process.

Authors should state whether the funder had any role in:

  1. research design;
  2. data collection;
  3. data analysis;
  4. data interpretation;
  5. manuscript writing;
  6. decision to submit the manuscript;
  7. publication process.

If the funder had no role in the research or publication process, this should be stated clearly.

Reviewer Responsibilities

Reviewers must disclose any actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest before accepting a review invitation.

Reviewers should decline the review if they:

  1. have a close personal or professional relationship with the author;
  2. have recently collaborated with the author;
  3. work at the same institution as the author;
  4. have supervised or been supervised by the author;
  5. have a financial or institutional interest in the manuscript;
  6. have academic competition or personal bias related to the manuscript;
  7. have political, ideological, religious, organizational, or advocacy interests related to the manuscript;
  8. feel unable to provide an objective, fair, and academically responsible evaluation.

Reviewers must not use unpublished manuscript content, data, arguments, findings, tables, figures, or ideas for personal, academic, institutional, commercial, political, or professional advantage.

Reviewers must also comply with confidentiality requirements and must not upload unpublished manuscripts or review materials to public artificial intelligence tools or third-party platforms that may compromise confidentiality, intellectual property rights, data protection, or research integrity.

Editor Responsibilities

Editors must not handle manuscripts in which they have a direct conflict of interest.

If an editor has a conflict of interest, the manuscript should be assigned to another editor or editorial board member who can manage the editorial process and make an independent decision.

Editors must ensure that reviewer selection, editorial evaluation, peer review, revision decisions, acceptance, rejection, correction, expression of concern, and retraction are not influenced by financial, institutional, personal, political, ideological, commercial, or publisher interests.

Editors must also ensure that conflicts of interest involving reviewers, authors, editorial board members, or the publisher are handled fairly and transparently.

Editorial Board Responsibilities

Editorial board members must disclose conflicts of interest when they are involved in manuscript handling, policy decisions, special issues, invited submissions, peer review, appeals, complaints, corrections, or retractions.

Editorial board members should not use their position to influence editorial decisions for personal, institutional, political, commercial, or academic advantage.

If an editorial board member has a conflict of interest related to a manuscript, complaint, appeal, or publication ethics case, they should not participate in the decision-making process for that case.

Publisher Responsibilities

PT. Publion Research Ventures supports editorial independence and does not interfere with editorial decisions.

Publication fees, sponsorship, institutional relationships, commercial interests, publisher interests, personal relationships, or external pressure must not influence acceptance, rejection, peer review, editorial decisions, corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions.

The publisher is responsible for supporting transparent editorial workflows, maintaining publication ethics, and helping editors manage conflicts of interest when necessary.

Handling Undisclosed Conflicts

If an undisclosed conflict of interest is discovered before publication, the journal may take one or more of the following actions:

  1. request clarification from the relevant party;
  2. require a conflict of interest disclosure statement;
  3. assign a different editor;
  4. invite a different reviewer;
  5. repeat part of the peer review process;
  6. return the manuscript to the author;
  7. reject the manuscript when the conflict seriously compromises the process.

If an undisclosed conflict of interest is discovered after publication, the journal may take one or more of the following actions:

  1. request clarification from the authors or relevant parties;
  2. publish a correction or clarification;
  3. issue an expression of concern;
  4. conduct further investigation;
  5. retract the article when the conflict seriously affects the reliability, integrity, or ethical status of the publication.

The action taken will depend on the nature, seriousness, timing, and impact of the undisclosed conflict.

Conflict of Interest in Special Issues and Invited Manuscripts

Special issues, invited manuscripts, and editorially commissioned articles must follow the same conflict of interest standards as regular submissions.

Guest editors, invited authors, reviewers, and editorial board members must disclose relevant conflicts of interest. Manuscripts submitted to special issues or invited sections should be reviewed and evaluated according to the applicable peer review and publication ethics policies of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors are encouraged to include a conflict of interest statement in the manuscript.

Example when there is no conflict:

The author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interest related to this manuscript.

Example when there is a conflict:

The author(s) declare the following potential conflict of interest: [describe the conflict clearly].

Example for funding-related disclosure:

This research was funded by [name of funder, grant number if available]. The funder had no role in the research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, manuscript writing, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Relationship with Other Policies

This Conflict of Interest Policy should be read together with the Publication Ethics, Peer Review Policy, Author Guidelines, AI Policy, Plagiarism Policy, Correction and Retraction Policy, Complaints and Appeals Policy, and Copyright and Licensing Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Data Availability Policy

This Data Availability Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to encourage transparency, accountability, research integrity, responsible data management, and ethical data sharing in scholarly research.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures encourage authors to provide a data availability statement explaining whether the data supporting the findings of the article are publicly available, available upon reasonable request, restricted, confidential, or not available due to ethical, legal, institutional, cultural, privacy, or security limitations.

Data availability supports research verification, reproducibility, citation, academic integrity, and further scholarly development. However, data sharing must always be conducted responsibly and must not violate confidentiality, informed consent, privacy protection, institutional rules, copyright, legal obligations, or research ethics.

Purpose of Data Availability

The Data Availability Policy is intended to:

  1. support transparency in research;
  2. help readers understand the basis of the findings;
  3. allow verification of research results when appropriate;
  4. encourage responsible data sharing;
  5. protect confidential, sensitive, personal, institutional, or legally restricted data;
  6. promote ethical and accountable research practices;
  7. support research integrity and the credibility of the scholarly record;
  8. clarify the conditions under which data may or may not be shared.

Data Availability Statement

Authors should include a data availability statement when applicable. The statement should explain:

  1. whether the data are publicly available;
  2. where the data can be accessed;
  3. whether the data are available upon reasonable request;
  4. whether access is restricted due to confidentiality, ethics, law, privacy, institutional rules, cultural considerations, or third-party restrictions;
  5. whether the data are not available and why;
  6. whether supplementary materials are provided with the article.

The data availability statement should be clear, accurate, and consistent with the research ethics, consent, confidentiality, and legal conditions of the study.

Publicly Available Data

When data are publicly available, authors should provide sufficient information to help readers access the data.

This may include repository name, dataset title, persistent identifier, DOI, URL, accession number, archive name, database name, or other access information.

Authors must ensure that publicly shared data do not violate confidentiality, informed consent, privacy, copyright, institutional restrictions, third-party agreements, or legal obligations.

Data Available Upon Request

When data cannot be made publicly available but may be shared with qualified researchers, authors may state that the data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors should explain the conditions for access, especially when data involve research participants, interviews, institutions, sensitive topics, government records, administrative data, community knowledge, or third-party restrictions.

Data should only be shared when such sharing is ethically, legally, and institutionally permitted.

Restricted or Confidential Data

Some data cannot be shared publicly because of ethical, legal, privacy, security, institutional, contractual, cultural, or community-related reasons.

Restricted or confidential data may include:

  1. personal data;
  2. interview transcripts;
  3. confidential institutional records;
  4. government administrative data;
  5. sensitive policy documents;
  6. health-related data;
  7. commercially confidential data;
  8. data involving vulnerable groups;
  9. culturally sensitive community knowledge;
  10. indigenous or traditional knowledge;
  11. data protected by informed consent agreements;
  12. data protected by institutional, legal, or contractual restrictions;
  13. unpublished government, organizational, or internal documents.

In such cases, authors should provide a clear explanation of the restriction without exposing confidential information or creating risk for participants, communities, institutions, or other parties.

Sensitive Data and Ethical Restrictions

Authors must not share data in a way that may harm participants, expose confidential information, violate informed consent, breach institutional rules, disclose sensitive identities, or place individuals, communities, institutions, or organizations at risk.

Sensitive data should be anonymized, de-identified, aggregated, restricted, or withheld when necessary to protect privacy, confidentiality, dignity, safety, and ethical obligations.

For research involving vulnerable groups, local communities, indigenous knowledge, public officials, institutional records, administrative data, or sensitive policy issues, authors must ensure that data sharing respects ethical approval, consent, cultural expectations, and legal requirements.

No Data Availability

For conceptual articles, theoretical papers, literature reviews, policy essays, commentaries, editorials, book reviews, or manuscripts that do not generate or analyze datasets, authors may state that data availability is not applicable.

Authors may use a statement such as:

Data availability is not applicable to this article because no new dataset was generated or analyzed.

Supplementary Materials

Authors may provide supplementary materials when they support transparency, verification, and understanding of the article.

Supplementary materials may include questionnaires, interview guides, coding frameworks, additional tables, appendices, research instruments, methodological notes, statistical outputs, non-sensitive supporting data, or other relevant materials.

Supplementary files must comply with research ethics, informed consent, privacy protection, copyright rules, licensing terms, confidentiality obligations, and journal policies.

The journal may decline to publish supplementary materials that contain confidential, sensitive, identifiable, copyrighted, or ethically problematic content.

Use of Repositories

Authors are encouraged to deposit shareable data in appropriate repositories when this is ethically, legally, and technically possible.

Repositories may include institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, public data archives, government databases, or other trusted platforms suitable for long-term access and citation.

When depositing data in a repository, authors should ensure that the dataset includes appropriate metadata, citation information, licensing information, access conditions, and any necessary restrictions.

Data Citation

When datasets, archives, public databases, official statistics, repositories, or secondary data sources are used in a manuscript, authors should cite them properly.

Data citation should allow readers to identify and access the source of the data when possible. Authors should include dataset title, author or institution, year, repository or database name, DOI, URL, accession number, or other relevant access information when available.

Proper data citation supports transparency, reproducibility, attribution, and academic accountability.

Data Integrity

Authors must present data accurately, honestly, and transparently. Data fabrication, data falsification, selective reporting, image manipulation, misleading presentation of results, or manipulation of evidence is considered publication misconduct.

If data integrity concerns are identified before or after publication, the journal may investigate the case and take appropriate editorial action, including manuscript rejection, correction, clarification, expression of concern, or retraction.

Artificial Intelligence and Data Availability

If artificial intelligence tools are used to process, classify, transcribe, translate, analyze, summarize, or interpret research data, authors must ensure that such use complies with research ethics, informed consent, confidentiality, data protection, institutional rules, and legal obligations.

Authors must not upload confidential, identifiable, sensitive, restricted, unpublished, or protected research data to public AI tools or third-party platforms that may store, reuse, expose, or train on such data without proper authorization.

Substantial use of AI tools in data processing, analysis, or interpretation should be disclosed in accordance with the AI Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Author Responsibility

Authors are responsible for ensuring that data sharing and data availability statements comply with research ethics, informed consent, privacy protection, copyright, institutional rules, funding requirements, confidentiality obligations, cultural considerations, and legal requirements.

Authors must not share data in a way that may harm participants, expose confidential information, violate consent, misrepresent the research, or compromise the integrity of the scholarly record.

By submitting a manuscript to journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures, authors confirm that:

  1. the data are presented accurately and honestly;
  2. data sharing, when provided, is ethically and legally permitted;
  3. confidential or sensitive data have been protected;
  4. informed consent and institutional requirements have been respected;
  5. any restrictions on data availability have been explained clearly;
  6. supplementary materials do not violate ethical, legal, copyright, or confidentiality requirements.

Examples of Data Availability Statements

Authors may use or adapt the following examples:

Publicly Available Data

The data supporting the findings of this study are publicly available in [repository/database name] at [DOI, URL, or accession number].

Data Available Upon Request

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, subject to ethical, confidentiality, or institutional restrictions.

Restricted Data

The data used in this study are restricted due to confidentiality, privacy, institutional, or ethical requirements and cannot be made publicly available.

No New Data

Data availability is not applicable to this article because no new dataset was generated or analyzed.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials supporting this article are available as part of the published article or through the journal’s supplementary file system.

Relationship with Other Policies

This Data Availability Policy should be read together with the Publication Ethics, Research Ethics and Consent Policy, AI Policy, Author Guidelines, Plagiarism Policy, Conflict of Interest Policy, Copyright and Licensing Policy, Correction and Retraction Policy, and Complaints and Appeals Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Correction and Retraction Policy

This Correction and Retraction Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to maintain the accuracy, integrity, transparency, reliability, and continuity of the scholarly record.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures provide mechanisms for correcting, clarifying, updating, expressing concern about, or retracting published content when necessary. Post-publication actions may include corrections, clarifications, expressions of concern, or retractions depending on the nature, evidence, and severity of the issue.

Post-publication actions are intended to protect the scholarly record, inform readers transparently, and ensure that published content remains accurate, accountable, and ethically reliable.

Purpose

This Correction and Retraction Policy is intended to:

  1. protect the integrity of the scholarly record;
  2. correct significant errors in published content;
  3. clarify information that may affect interpretation or understanding;
  4. alert readers to ethical, methodological, or reliability concerns;
  5. provide transparent information about post-publication changes;
  6. ensure accountability of authors, editors, reviewers, editorial board members, and the publisher;
  7. maintain reliable metadata, article landing pages, citation records, and archive records.

Corrections

A correction may be issued when a published article contains an error that affects understanding, citation, metadata, interpretation, transparency, or part of the scholarly record, but does not invalidate the overall findings, argument, or conclusions of the article.

Corrections may address:

  1. author name errors;
  2. affiliation errors;
  3. metadata errors;
  4. citation or reference errors;
  5. figure or table errors;
  6. minor data errors;
  7. typographical errors that affect meaning;
  8. missing acknowledgments;
  9. funding statement errors;
  10. conflict of interest statement errors;
  11. data availability statement errors;
  12. research ethics or consent statement errors;
  13. AI use declaration errors;
  14. license or copyright information errors.

Correction notices will be linked to the original article whenever possible. The original article may be updated with a note explaining the correction.

Corrections should clearly identify the article being corrected, describe the error, explain the correction, and indicate the date of the correction.

Clarifications

A clarification may be issued when additional information is needed to explain part of a published article, editorial decision, metadata record, publication process, ethical statement, or post-publication issue.

Clarifications may be used when the article remains valid but readers require additional context to understand the article, its metadata, its ethical status, or its publication history.

Clarification notices should be transparent and linked to the original article whenever possible.

Expression of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when serious concerns are raised about a published article but the investigation is not yet complete, evidence is inconclusive, or an institutional or external investigation is still ongoing.

An expression of concern may be issued in cases involving:

  1. suspected plagiarism;
  2. suspected data fabrication or data falsification;
  3. suspected unethical research;
  4. unresolved authorship dispute;
  5. serious conflict of interest concerns;
  6. questionable or manipulated peer review process;
  7. unresolved institutional investigation;
  8. concerns about reliability of findings;
  9. suspected misuse of artificial intelligence tools;
  10. suspected breach of confidentiality, consent, or data protection;
  11. concerns about copyright infringement or unauthorized use of third-party material.

An expression of concern will remain linked to the article until the issue is resolved. After the investigation is completed, the journal may take further action, including correction, clarification, retraction, or removal of the expression of concern when appropriate.

Retraction

A retraction may be issued when a published article is found to be seriously unreliable, unethical, duplicated, plagiarized, invalid, or otherwise in violation of publication ethics.

Retraction may be considered in cases involving:

  1. plagiarism;
  2. data fabrication;
  3. data falsification;
  4. duplicate publication;
  5. serious methodological error that invalidates the findings or conclusions;
  6. unethical research;
  7. lack of required informed consent;
  8. breach of confidentiality;
  9. unauthorized use of personal, institutional, confidential, or sensitive data;
  10. manipulated peer review;
  11. fraudulent authorship;
  12. undisclosed conflict of interest that seriously affects the article;
  13. copyright infringement;
  14. fabricated references or false citations;
  15. misuse of artificial intelligence tools that affects the integrity of the article;
  16. major errors that invalidate the findings, interpretation, argument, or conclusions.

Retraction is intended to correct the scholarly record, not to punish authors.

Retraction Notice

A retraction notice will be published and linked to the original article whenever possible. The notice should clearly state the reason for retraction and identify who initiated the retraction, such as the author, editor, journal, publisher, institution, or other relevant party.

The original article may remain accessible to preserve the scholarly record, but it will be clearly marked as retracted.

A retraction notice should include:

  1. article title;
  2. author name(s);
  3. journal name;
  4. volume, issue, year, DOI when available;
  5. reason for retraction;
  6. party initiating the retraction;
  7. date of retraction;
  8. link to the original article;
  9. statement that the article has been retracted.

Retracted articles should not be removed from the journal website except in exceptional circumstances, such as legal requirements, serious privacy risks, defamatory content, court orders, or content that may cause harm if it remains publicly available.

Article Removal

Article removal is an exceptional action and should not be used as a substitute for correction or retraction.

Removal may be considered only when continued availability of the article may create serious legal risk, violate court orders, expose confidential or identifiable personal information, infringe rights, or create serious harm to individuals, communities, institutions, or the public.

When removal is necessary, the journal should retain a public notice explaining that the article has been removed, unless legal or ethical considerations prevent such disclosure.

Author-Initiated Correction or Retraction

Authors must notify the journal promptly if they discover a significant error, ethical problem, authorship issue, data issue, conflict of interest issue, or reliability concern in their published article.

Authors are expected to cooperate with the editorial team in correcting, clarifying, or retracting the article when necessary.

Authors should provide relevant evidence, explanation, corrected information, or supporting documents to help the editorial team evaluate the issue.

Reader or Third-Party Reports

Readers, reviewers, institutions, research participants, funders, authors, editors, or other parties may report concerns about published articles.

Reports should be submitted to the editorial office of the respective journal with relevant evidence, such as article details, description of the concern, supporting documents, similarity evidence, data concerns, ethical issues, or other relevant information.

The journal will review post-publication concerns fairly, confidentially, transparently, and in accordance with the applicable publication ethics policies.

Editorial Investigation

When a concern is raised, the editorial team may:

  1. review the article and related publication files;
  2. review submission history, peer review records, and editorial correspondence;
  3. contact the authors for explanation;
  4. consult reviewers or editorial board members;
  5. request raw data, ethical approval, consent documents, or supporting materials when necessary;
  6. contact institutions, research funders, or relevant authorities when necessary;
  7. seek independent advice when appropriate;
  8. evaluate whether the concern affects the reliability, originality, ethical status, or validity of the article.

Editorial action will be based on available evidence, seriousness of the issue, impact on the scholarly record, and relevant journal policies.

Correction, Retraction, and Metadata Updates

When a correction, clarification, expression of concern, or retraction is issued, the journal will make reasonable efforts to update relevant publication records.

Updates may include:

  1. article landing page;
  2. PDF file or article file, when appropriate;
  3. metadata records;
  4. DOI records, when available;
  5. indexing records, when possible;
  6. archive records;
  7. citation information;
  8. license or copyright information when affected.

Post-publication notices should be linked to the original article to maintain transparency and continuity of the scholarly record.

Effects on Archiving and Preservation

Post-publication notices, including corrections, clarifications, expressions of concern, and retractions, are part of the scholarly record and should be preserved.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures may maintain updated article records, metadata, full-text files, article landing pages, and post-publication notices through the journal platform, publisher-managed backups, and LOCKSS-compatible archiving mechanisms.

Archiving and preservation do not prevent correction or retraction. They support transparency, traceability, and long-term access to the complete publication record.

Publisher Responsibility

PT. Publion Research Ventures supports journals in maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. The publisher supports the publication of correction notices, clarification notices, expressions of concern, and retraction notices when required.

The publisher also supports updates to publication infrastructure, metadata records, article landing pages, archive records, and related publication information when post-publication notices are issued.

The publisher does not use commercial interests, publication fees, institutional relationships, sponsorship, or external pressure to prevent necessary corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions.

Relationship with Other Policies

This Correction and Retraction Policy should be read together with the Publication Ethics, Plagiarism Policy, AI Policy, Conflict of Interest Policy, Research Ethics and Consent Policy, Data Availability Policy, Copyright and Licensing Policy, Complaints and Appeals Policy, and Archiving Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Complaints and Appeals Policy

This Complaints and Appeals Policy applies to all journals published and managed by PT. Publion Research Ventures. The policy is established to provide a transparent, fair, confidential, respectful, and accountable process for handling complaints and appeals related to the scholarly publication process.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures are committed to handling complaints and appeals in a timely and responsible manner. Complaints and appeals may relate to editorial decisions, peer review, publication ethics, conflicts of interest, corrections, retractions, author charges, indexing information, copyright and licensing, research ethics, communication, or other publication-related processes.

Complaints and appeals are reviewed based on evidence, journal policies, editorial records, publication ethics, and the integrity of the scholarly record.

Scope of Complaints

Complaints may relate to:

  1. editorial process;
  2. peer review process;
  3. reviewer conduct;
  4. editor conduct;
  5. editorial board conduct;
  6. publication ethics;
  7. plagiarism concerns;
  8. authorship disputes;
  9. conflicts of interest;
  10. correction or retraction requests;
  11. publication fees or author charges;
  12. communication problems;
  13. metadata or indexing information;
  14. copyright or licensing concerns;
  15. research ethics and consent concerns;
  16. data availability or data integrity concerns;
  17. AI-related publication concerns;
  18. post-publication issues.

Complaints should be submitted in writing and supported by relevant evidence.

Appeals Against Editorial Decisions

Authors may appeal an editorial decision if they believe that there has been a procedural error, reviewer misunderstanding, factual inaccuracy, conflict of interest, ethical concern, or substantial issue in the editorial process.

Appeals must provide clear reasons and evidence. Appeals based only on disagreement with editorial judgment, reviewer criticism, or the outcome of peer review are unlikely to be accepted unless supported by evidence of procedural or ethical problems.

An appeal does not guarantee that the editorial decision will be changed.

How to Submit a Complaint or Appeal

Complaints and appeals should be submitted through the official communication channel of the respective journal or PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Email: [Insert official journal or publisher email]
WhatsApp: [Insert official contact number, when applicable]
Journal: [Insert name of the respective journal]
Publisher: PT. Publion Research Ventures

The complaint or appeal should include:

  1. name of the complainant;
  2. contact information;
  3. manuscript title, when applicable;
  4. submission ID or article URL, when available;
  5. name of the journal concerned;
  6. description of the issue;
  7. relevant timeline or background;
  8. supporting evidence;
  9. expected resolution.

Anonymous complaints may be considered when they provide credible evidence. However, the journal may be limited in its ability to investigate, verify information, or respond to anonymous complainants.

Initial Assessment

The editorial team will conduct an initial assessment to determine whether the complaint or appeal falls within the scope of the journal’s policies and whether sufficient information has been provided.

If the complaint or appeal lacks necessary details, the journal may request additional information from the complainant.

Complaints or appeals that are abusive, unsupported by evidence, unrelated to the journal, submitted in bad faith, or intended to pressure editorial decisions may not be considered further.

Review Process

Complaints and appeals may be reviewed by the editor-in-chief, handling editor, editorial board member, publisher representative, or independent adviser depending on the nature and seriousness of the issue.

If the complaint involves a specific editor, reviewer, editorial board member, or staff member, that person will not be involved in reviewing the complaint.

When necessary, the journal may review editorial records, peer review reports, correspondence, manuscript files, similarity reports, ethical approval documents, data availability statements, conflict of interest disclosures, or other relevant materials.

The journal may contact authors, reviewers, editors, institutions, funders, or other relevant parties when needed to clarify the issue.

Possible Outcomes

After reviewing the complaint or appeal, the journal may decide to:

  1. uphold the original editorial decision;
  2. request additional review;
  3. assign a different editor or reviewer;
  4. request manuscript revision;
  5. correct a procedural error;
  6. issue a correction or clarification;
  7. issue an expression of concern;
  8. retract an article;
  9. update metadata or policy information;
  10. update article landing pages, DOI records, or publication notices when applicable;
  11. provide an explanation to the complainant;
  12. reject the complaint or appeal if unsupported by evidence.

The outcome will depend on the nature of the complaint, the available evidence, the seriousness of the issue, and the applicable journal policies.

Confidentiality

Complaints and appeals will be handled confidentially. Information will be shared only with parties who need to be involved in the investigation, assessment, or resolution.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures will protect the confidentiality of authors, reviewers, editors, complainants, research participants, and other relevant parties whenever possible.

Confidential information, unpublished manuscripts, peer review reports, editorial correspondence, personal data, and research data must not be disclosed publicly unless required by law, ethical obligation, or publication integrity considerations.

Appeals Limitation

The journal normally considers one appeal per manuscript decision.

Repeated appeals without new evidence, repeated complaints about the same issue, or attempts to reopen a case without substantial new information may not be considered.

The final decision after appeal rests with the editor-in-chief or the designated editorial authority of the respective journal.

Complaints Related to Publication Ethics

Complaints involving plagiarism, duplicate publication, authorship disputes, fabricated data, falsified data, manipulated peer review, undisclosed conflicts of interest, research ethics violations, AI-related misconduct, or other ethical concerns will be handled in accordance with the relevant publication ethics policies.

When necessary, the journal may issue a correction, clarification, expression of concern, or retraction in accordance with the Correction and Retraction Policy.

Complaints Related to Author Fees

Complaints related to author fees, article processing charges, payment confirmation, invoices, or refunds will be reviewed based on the Author Fees or Fees and Payment Policy of the respective journal.

Payment does not guarantee acceptance of a manuscript and must not influence editorial decisions.

Authors should only use official payment and communication channels provided by the respective journal or PT. Publion Research Ventures.

Complaints Related to Indexing and Metadata

Complaints related to indexing status, metadata errors, article landing pages, citation information, DOI records, journal information, or publication records will be reviewed by the editorial office and publisher.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures do not claim inclusion in any indexing service unless the journal has been officially accepted, listed, or verified by the relevant indexing body.

If metadata or indexing information is found to be inaccurate, the journal may update the relevant information on the journal website, article page, metadata records, or related publication channels.

Good Faith and Professional Conduct

Complainants are expected to communicate respectfully, honestly, and in good faith.

Journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures will not tolerate abusive language, threats, harassment, intimidation, defamatory statements, repeated bad-faith complaints, or attempts to influence editorial decisions through personal, institutional, financial, political, commercial, or other non-academic pressure.

Such conduct may result in the journal limiting further communication while still preserving necessary editorial records.

Record Keeping

The journal may maintain records of complaints, appeals, correspondence, evidence, decisions, and outcomes for accountability and future reference.

Records will be handled confidentially and used only for editorial, ethical, administrative, or publication integrity purposes.

Publisher Support

PT. Publion Research Ventures supports journals in handling complaints and appeals, maintaining editorial records, updating publication notices, correcting metadata, preserving publication history, and protecting the integrity of the scholarly record.

The publisher does not interfere with editorial decisions but supports transparent, accountable, ethical, and procedurally fair complaint handling.

Commercial interests, publication fees, sponsorship, institutional relationships, or external pressure must not influence complaint handling, appeals, editorial decisions, corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions.

Relationship with Other Policies

This Complaints and Appeals Policy should be read together with the Publication Ethics, Peer Review Policy, Conflict of Interest Policy, Correction and Retraction Policy, Plagiarism Policy, AI Policy, Research Ethics and Consent Policy, Data Availability Policy, Copyright and Licensing Policy, Author Fees Policy, and Manuscript Submission Policy of journals under PT. Publion Research Ventures.